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points by cowlevel 3 days ago | 0 comments
Why not 120V DC?
[–] Maxion 3 days ago
Mainly thinking 48V as that is already a standard in the marine and automotive world. AFAIK 120V DC is not a commonly used standard ? (Maybe in aviation?)
[–] atoav 3 days ago
Most modern aircraft have a 400V 360-800Hz three-phase grid, as this allows thinner (read:lighter) conductors. There are some high voltage DC rails on some plains in the range 270VDC or ±270VDC.

On the usage side for instrumentation, avionics etc. it is usually 28 VDC.

[–] cestith 2 days ago
48V DC is also common in the telecommunications world and available in the data center world.
[–] atoav 3 days ago
1. It is not considered safe voltage, so you have all the downsides of the current AC grid with the downsides of high DC voltages

2. Nearly no equipment uses 120VDC by itself, so you would need specialized DC-DC converters that can deal with the 120VDC input to go down to usual voltages like 48VD, 24VDC or 12VDC

[–] lstodd 3 days ago
DC also has issues with arcing, so switches get complicated and expensive.
[–] ErroneousBosh 2 days ago
> Nearly no equipment uses 120VDC by itself, so you would need specialized DC-DC converters that can deal with the 120VDC input to go down to usual voltages like 48VD, 24VDC or 12VDC

Most switched-mode power supplies ought to cope with 120V DC. If you look at a circuit diagram the first thing they go through is a bridge rectifier and smoothing cap to provide a 165V (or 340V outside the US!) DC supply for the chopper.

I have some Thinkpad charging bricks I'm prepared to sacrifice for the cause, if you want me to try it.

[–] Leif24 2 days ago
Well, one potential issue that springs to mind is that DC 120V might overstress the diodes in the full bridge rectifier. With 120V AC only 2 of the 4 diodes are active at any one time and on average each of them is on only half the time - with DC only 2 of the diodes would be active, but they would be active 100% of time. Say the power supply needs to draw 1A of current, a reasonable good estimate for the voltage drop of a forward biased diode is 0.7V, so each diode that is on will dissipate 1A*0.7V = 0.7W. With AC, each diode would only be on half the time, meaning it would dissipate an average of 0.35W. With DC, 2 of the 4 diodes would be on constantly dissipating the full 0.7W each - this will result in the two diodes getting much hotter. Ask yourself how likely it is that most power supply manufacturers are designing in a safety margin of *2X*...

And that's just dealing with power supplies for electronics (which mostly just want low voltage DC) - if you get into appliances, while almost all will have a power supply that converts to DC, they usually have some circuits that use AC directly (think heating elements, safety critical sensors that use the 60Hz AC waveform as part of their feedback to make sure they haven't locked up, etc). Even appliances that convert the AC input straight to DC (think anything using an inverter to drive a motor or compressor) will often use a voltage doubler circuit to get a DC bus that is ~340V from the 120V AC input (it doubles the peak voltage, which is actually ~170V and not 120V in US) ... The voltage doubler circuit will not infact double a DC input, and the appliance will likely be most unhappy when it's DC bus is a lot lower than it was designed for.

[–] ErroneousBosh 2 days ago
> Well, one potential issue that springs to mind is that DC 120V might overstress the diodes in the full bridge rectifier.

I see what you're saying but it's a bit theoretical. Nothing in a switcher is run at that tight a tolerance, because in normal operation the load will be highly variable. One of the el-cheapo switching PSUs I have on my bench right now is rated for 90V to 270V, for example, and will run quite happily fully loaded across that full range (and considerably beyond - my variac goes from 0 to about 300V output).

> they usually have some circuits that use AC directly

AC motors won't enjoy it, but heating elements won't be affected.

If you look at the switching power supplies used for network equipment that often actually *does* have ratings for DC operation.

[–] atoav 2 days ago
Diodes may not like a constant DC load like that. In any case you're now definily running that equipment out of spec and totally at fault for any damages to the equipment, buildings and people stemming from that, so you better know for sure that that specific power supply can handle it.

I am not saying there isn't anything that can handle this out there, what I am saying is nothing is rated for handling it and this is experimental territory.

[–] ErroneousBosh 2 days ago
Diodes are used with a constant DC load all the time.

Look at any power supply where you don't want a downstream regulator's decoupling capacitors to have an effect on other regulators.

[–] pjc50 3 days ago
50V is the limit for "safe extra low voltage" rules. Considered to be touch safe.
[–] bradfa 2 days ago
SELV usually is defined to have both a voltage limit and a volt-amp (ie: power) limit. Generally defined somewhere around 60V peak to peak and 250V*A.

48V is under the SELV voltage limit, even with some margins.

But historically, some countries have had lower limits. I recall Japan being one of them for a while. I'm not confident that SELV is a harmonized standard worldwide, or at least it wasn't until recently, if it is now.

[–] 3D30497420 3 days ago
It would be great to work on my home's electrical system without the risk of straight-up killing myself. Especially considering most of the things I plug into my wall (lighting, TVs, tablets, phones, etc.) don't need to draw anything like 120/240V. I've debated installing low volt circuits for things like lighting and such, but I think the hassle won't make it worth it.
[–] gosub100 2 days ago
I don't think it's that dangerous to work with 120v. There's arguably a greater risk with DC starting fires and killing you that way, or burning your house down.

IANAEE, but DC does most of its work with current instead of voltage. So direct shorts are more likely to turn into heating elements (you have to run thicker wire anyway to do the same amount of work). AC can detect and trip faster.

Also, adding/removing loads is more finicky with DC. It affects all the other things on the line much more dramatically than AC.

If I had the time and money to work on this, I would focus on powering heavy appliances with solar and just paying the power co for all the wall wart electronics. Getting a heat pump working with a thermal battery (water tank with heat exchanger), etc. Separate circuit for electric space heaters (with extra consideration for fire safety), and smart thermostat that runs extra heating/cooling beyond what I requested when the sun is shining, to try using the house's thermal storage.

[–] Thlom 2 days ago
You can run your lights over ethernet. :)