In addition to that being unpractical, the train doesn't even know the state of switches, i.e. not whether it is on the same track as some other position. It's just that this is undecidable for a single train. (This is what my first comment was about, it's simply not known how to solve it on the level of a single train, likely because it is impossible.) However the answer for what to do if a train can't trust the network, is don't move. Or move by sight, which is limited to 40km/h for good reason.

On the other hand this is a complete non-issue and solved for more than a century on the network level. So there is zero need to invent satellite or vision based train detection at worst even using statistical systems, when you can use deterministic systems, for example using the fact that a train is out of metal, so it's detectable by the train closing a electric circuit between the rails. Or using the sensors that are installed at every signal, switch or other positions for precisely this question.